Definitions

Introducing irrelevant material to the issue being discussed, so that everyone's attention is diverted away from the points made.

Example 2: "You may claim that the death penalty is an ineffective deterrent against crime -- but what about the victims of crime? How do you think surviving family members feel when they see the man who murdered their son kept in prison at their expense? Is it right that they should pay for their son's murderer to be fed and housed?"

When an opponent's proposition is substituted with a similar one which is then refuted in place of the original proposition.

A technique that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly disproving their argument.

Example 2: "Qatar spending profusely on Neymar, not fighting terrorism"

Assuming a single cause or reason when there are actually multiple causes for an issue.
It includes transferring blame to one person or group of people without investigating the complexities of the issue

Example 2: The reason New Orleans was hit so hard with the hurricane was because of all the immoral people who live there.

Explanation: This was an actual argument seen in the months that followed hurricane Katrina. Ignoring the validity of the claims being made, the arguer is blaming a natural disaster on a group of people.

Example 3: if France had not have declared war on Germany then world war two would have never happened.

Using words which are deliberately not clear so that the audience may have its own interpretations.
For example when an unclear phrase with multiple definitions is used within the argument and, therefore, it does not support the conclusion.

Stating that a claim is true simply because a valid authority or expert on the issue said it was true, without any other supporting evidence offered. We consider the special case in which the reference is not an authority or an expert in this technique, altough it is referred to as Testimonial in literature.

Example 2: "According to Serena Williams, our foreign policy is the best on Earth. So we are in the right direction."

Details: since there is a chance that any authority can be wrong, it is reasonable to defer to an authority to support a claim, but the authority should not be the only justification to accept the claim, otherwise the Appeal-to-Authority fallacy is committed.

Presenting two alternative options as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist. As an the extreme case, tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices (Dictatorship).

Example 2: I thought you were a good person, but you weren’t at church today.

Explanation: The assumption here is that if one doesn't attend chuch, one must be bad. Of course, good people exist who don’t go to church, and good church-going people could have had a really good reason not to be in church.

Example 3: There is no alternative to war

Labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as either something the target audience fears, hates, finds undesirable or loves, praises.

Using specific words and phrases with strong emotional implications (either positive or negative) to influence an audience.

Example 2: "how stupid and petty things have become in Washington"

Either representing something in an excessive manner: making things larger, better, worse (e.g., "the best of the best", "quality guaranteed") or making something seem less important or smaller than it really is (e.g., saying that an insult was just a joke).

Example 2: "We’re going to have unbelievable intelligence"

Example 3: I was not fighting with her; we were just playing.

Playing on strong national feeling (or to any group; e.g., race, gender, political preference) to justify or promote an action or idea

Example 2: "entering this war will make us have a better future in our country."

Questioning the credibility of someone or something.

Seeking to build support for an idea by instilling anxiety and/or panic in the population towards an alternative.
In some cases the support is built based on preconceived judgements.

Example 2: "we must stop those refugees as they are terrorists"

A brief and striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping. Slogans tend to act as emotional appeals.

Example 2: "Make America great again!"

Words or phrases that discourage critical thought and meaningful discussion about a given topic. They are typically short, generic sentences that offer seemingly simple answers to complex questions or that distract attention away from other lines of thought.

Attempting to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action because "everyone else is taking the same action".

Example 2: 90% of citizens support our initiative. You should.

Persuading an audience to disapprove an action or idea by suggesting that the idea is popular with groups hated in contempt by the target audience. It can refer to any person or concept with a negative connotation.

Example 2: "Only one kind of person can think in that way: a communist."

Repeating the same message over and over again so that the audience will eventually accept it.

A smear is an effort to damage or call into question someone's reputation, by propounding negative propaganda. It can be applied to individuals or groups.

These are words or symbols in the value system of the target audience that produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue. Peace, hope, happiness, security, wise leadership, etc.

Also known as association, this is a technique of projecting positive or negative qualities (praise or blame) of a person, entity, object, or value onto another to make the second more acceptable or to discredit it. It evokes an emotional response, which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities. Often highly visual, this technique often utilizes symbols (for example, the swastikas used in Nazi Germany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed over other visual images.

Using images with strong positive/negative emotional implications to influence an audience.